Understanding the Differences Between Strip Footings and Pad Footings in ConstructionThe foundation of any structure lays the groundwork for its stability and longevity. Aspiring civil engineers must grasp the nuances of various foundation types to...

The total station is a useful instrument in modern survey technology. It improves the survey works by any means. Accurate calculation with the help of a computerized system installed in this device makes it one man army. You can do surveys with thi...

The horizontal angle made by the survey line with the magnetic north in the clockwise direction is the whole circle bearing (WCB) of that line. This system is also known as the azimuthal system. In this system, only the north direction is used as r...

Reciprocal Levelling | Curvature and Refraction CorrectionReciprocal levelling helps in compensating for the error due to curvature and refraction and also the line of collimation errors in surveying. It is one of the best methods to eliminate curv...